細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)基因治療是生物醫藥領域的(de)前沿陣地,它(ta)通過(guo)對細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)或基因進(jin)行改造、修飾、調(diao)控(kong),來糾正或補償因基因缺(que)陷和異常引起的(de)疾病(bing),為傳(chuan)統療法難(nan)(nan)以攻(gong)克的(de)疑難(nan)(nan)病(bing)癥(zheng)(zheng),如遺傳(chuan)性疾病(bing)、某(mou)些癌(ai)癥(zheng)(zheng)、自身免疫(yi)性疾病(bing)等,帶來了新的(de)治愈希望。
干(gan)細胞(bao)療(liao)法是(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)基因治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)的(de)重要分支(zhi)。干(gan)細胞(bao)具備自我更新和(he)(he)多(duo)向分化潛(qian)能,能分化成多(duo)種(zhong)功能細胞(bao),修復(fu)受(shou)損(sun)組織(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)器官。間充質干(gan)細胞(bao)(MSC)是(shi)(shi)其中(zhong)備受(shou)關(guan)注的(de)類型(xing),具有免疫調節、抗(kang)炎(yan)、促(cu)進組織(zhi)(zhi)修復(fu)等特性。在臨床應用中(zhong),MSC 已被嘗試用于(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)多(duo)種(zhong)疾病(bing),如(ru)移植物抗(kang)宿主(zhu)病(bing)、骨關(guan)節炎(yan)、心肌(ji)梗死等,通過(guo)調節免疫微環(huan)境、促(cu)進組織(zhi)(zhi)再生等機制發(fa)揮治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)作用。
誘導多能干(gan)細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(iPSC)細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)療法(fa)是另一項(xiang)創新性突破。iPSC 由(you)成體細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)經重編程獲得,擁有類似(si)胚胎干(gan)細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)多能性。它(ta)克服了胚胎干(gan)細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)來源的(de)倫理問(wen)題,可根(gen)據患者自身細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)定制,降(jiang)低(di)免疫(yi)排斥(chi)風險。iPSC 能分化為各類細胞(bao)(bao)(bao),用(yong)于疾病建模、藥物篩選以及細胞(bao)(bao)(bao)移植治(zhi)療,為帕金森病、糖尿病等(deng)疾病的(de)治(zhi)療帶來新曙光。
基(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)技術則是(shi)細胞(bao)(bao)基(ji)因(yin)治療(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵支撐。它負責將治療(liao)(liao)性(xing)基(ji)因(yin)安(an)全、效率(lv)高(gao)地(di)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)至靶細胞(bao)(bao)。轉染試劑是(shi)基(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)常用工具(ju)之一,通過(guo)特定機制(zhi)將外(wai)源基(ji)因(yin)導入細胞(bao)(bao)。基(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)技術面臨遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)效率(lv)、靶向性(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)等挑(tiao)戰,理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)系統(tong)需準確地(di)將基(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)至病變細胞(bao)(bao),避免(mian)脫靶效應,同(tong)時不引發免(mian)疫反應和毒(du)性(xing)。病毒(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(如(ru)腺相(xiang)關病毒(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體)和非病毒(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(如(ru)脂質納米顆粒)是(shi)目前(qian)主(zhu)流的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體,科研人員不斷優化載(zai)(zai)(zai)體設(she)計,以提升基(ji)因(yin)治療(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效性(xing)和安(an)全性(xing)。
細胞(bao)基因(yin)治療(liao)憑(ping)借(jie)干(gan)細胞(bao)療(liao)法、iPSC 細胞(bao)療(liao)法和基因(yin)遞送技術等不斷發展,有(you)望為更多難治性疾病提供治愈方案,變(bian)革未來醫學格局。